|
The 1948 Palestine war, known in Hebrew as The War of Independence ((ヘブライ語:מלחמת העצמאות), ''Milkhemet Ha'Atzma'ut'') or the War of Liberation ((ヘブライ語:מלחמת השחרור), ''Milkhemet HaShikhrur'') and in Arabic as The Nakba or Catastrophe ((アラビア語:النكبة), ''al-Nakba''),〔Reuven Firestone (To Jews, the Jewish-Arab war of 1947–1948 is the War of Independence (''milchemet ha'atzma'ut''). To Arabs, and especially Palestinians, it is the ''nakba'' or calamity. I therefore refrain from assigning names to wars. I refer to the wars between the State of Israel and its Arab and Palestinian neighbors according to their dates: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982.' ) Reuven Firestone, ''Holy War in Judaism: The Fall and Rise of a Controversial Idea,'' Oxford University Press, 2012 p.10, cf.p.296〕〔Neil Caplan, (‘Perhaps the most famous case of differences over the naming of events is the 1948 war (more accurately, the fighting from December 1947 through January 1949). For Israel it is their “War of Liberation” or “War of Independence” (in Hebrew, ''milhemet ha-atzama’ut'') full of the joys and overtones of deliverance and redemption. For Palestinians, it is ''Al-Nakba'', translated as “The Catastrophe” and including in its scope the destruction of their society and the expulsion and flight of some 700,000 refugees.’ ) ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories,'' John Wiley & Sons, Sep 19, 2011 p.17.〕〔Neil Caplan (Although some historians would cite 14 May 1948 as the start of the war known variously as the Israeli War of Independence, an-Nakba (the (Palestinian) Catastrophe), or the first Palestine war, it would be more accurate to consider that war as beginning on 30 November 1947'. ) ''Futile Diplomacy: The United Nations, the Great Powers, and Middle East Peacemaking 1948–1954,'' (vol.3) Frank Cass & Co, 1997 p.17〕 refers to the war that occurred in the former Mandatory Palestine during the period between the United Nations vote on the partition plan on November 30, 1947,〔(Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine A/RES/181(II)(A+B) 29 November 1947 ) 〕 and the official end of the first Arab-Israeli war on July 20, 1949.〔This corresponds to the signing of the armistice agreement between Syria and Israel. Others consider the war to have ended at the last ceasefire on January 8, 1949.〕 Historians divide the war into two phases:〔''Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Responses to Nationalist Movements, 1943-55'', by Michael Joseph Cohen, Martin Kolinsky. 1998. p. 54.〕〔Yoav Gelber, (''Israel's War of Independence — the equivalent to the Palestinians' Al- Nakba (Arabic for "Disaster")'' – consisted of two distinct, consecutive, but separate campaigns fought by different enemies, under dissimilar circumstances, each phase under different rules. The first encounter commenced early in December 1947 and lasted until the British mandate in Palestine expired. It was a civil war between Jews and Palestinians that took place under British sovereignty and in the presence of Jewish troops. The second contest began with the invasion of Palestine by the regular Arab armies on 156 May 1948.’ ) ''Palestine, 1948: war, escape and the emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem,'' Sussex Academic Press, 2nd rev ed. 2004 p.4.〕 * The 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (sometimes called an "intercommunal war")〔David Tal, ''War in Palestine, 1948. Strategy and Diplomacy'', Routledge, 2004.〕 in which the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine, supported by the Arab Liberation Army, clashed, while the region was still fully under British rule. * The 1948 Arab–Israeli War after 15 May 1948, marking the end of the British Mandate and the birth of Israel, in which Transjordan, Egypt, Syria and Iraq intervened and sent expeditionary forces that attacked the Israeli army. At the end of the war, the State of Israel kept the area that had been recommended by the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 as well as almost 60% of the area allocated to the proposed Arab state,〔Cragg, Kenneth. ''Palestine. The Prize and Price of Zion''. Cassel, 1997. ISBN 978-0-304-70075-2. Pages 57, 116.〕 including the Jaffa, Lydda and Ramle area, Galilee, some parts of the Negev, a wide strip along the Tel-Aviv–Jerusalem road, and some territories in the West Bank, putting them under military rule. Transjordan took control of the remainder of the Palestinian mandate, which it annexed, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip. With Jordan occupying the West Bank and Egypt occupying Gaza, no state was created for the Palestinian Arabs. Dramatic demographic changes accompanied the war in the country. Around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from the area that became Israel, and they became Palestinian refugees.〔— Benny Morris, 2004. (''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited'' ), pp. 602–604. Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6. "It is impossible to arrive at a definite persuasive estimate. My predilection would be to opt for the loose contemporary British formula, that of 'between 600,000 and 760,000' refugees; but, if pressed, 700,000 is probably a fair estimate"; — (''Memo US Department of State, 4 May 1949'' ), FRUS, 1949, p. 973.: "One of the most important problems which must be cleared up before a lasting peace can be established in Palestine is the question of the more than 700,000 Arab refugees who during the Palestine conflict fled from their homes in what is now Israeli occupied territory and are at present living as refugees in Arab Palestine and the neighbouring Arab states."; — (''Memorandum on the Palestine Refugee Problem, 4 May 1949'' ), FRUS, 1949, p. 984.: "Approximately 700,000 refugees from the Palestine hostilities, now located principally in Arab Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon and Syria, will require repatriation to Israel or resettlement in the Arab states."〕 Due to the war, around 10,000 Jews fled or were expelled from their homes in Palestine. In the three years following the war, about 700,000 Jews fled from Europe and Arab lands and immigrated to Israel, with one third of them having left or been expelled from their previous countries of residence in the Middle East.〔Devorah Hakohen, (''Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and after,'' ) Syracuse University Press 2003 p.267〕〔(Displaced Persons ) retrieved on 29 October 2007 from the U.S. Holocaust Museum.〕〔Tom Segev, ''1949. The First Israelis'', Owl Books, 1986, p.96.〕 These Jewish refugees were absorbed into Israel in the One Million Plan.〔Morris, 2001, chap. VI.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.mideastweb.org/refugees4.htm )〕 〔Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', chap. VI.〕 In Israel, the war is known as War of Independence or War of Liberation, because the modern State of Israel originated in the Yishuv (the pre-state Jewish community in Palestine) declaring its independence from the British Imperial Mandate in 1948. Israelis usually mark the anniversary of their independence on the 5th of Iyar of the Hebrew Calendar.〔Howard Sachar, ''A History of Israel. From the Rise of Zionisme to our Time'', 2007, p.315.〕 It is known in Arabic as ''al-Nakba'' ("the Catastrophe"), because of their loss of lands which they had occupied for centuries, the high number of displaced persons, and their failure to create an Arab State in Palestine following their defeat in the 1948 war. ==Background== (詳細はUnited Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution "recommending to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union", UN General Assembly Resolution 181(II). This was an attempt to resolve the Arab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into "Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem". Each state would comprise three major sections; the Arab state would also have an enclave at Jaffa in order to have a port on the Mediterranean. With about 32% of the population, the Jews were allocated 56% of the territory. It contained 499,000 Jews and 438,000 Arabs and a majority of it was in the Negev desert.〔 The Palestinian Arabs were allocated 42% of the land, which had a population of 818,000 Palestinian Arabs and 10,000 Jews. In consideration of its religious significance, the Jerusalem area, including Bethlehem, with 100,000 Jews and an equal number of Palestinian Arabs, was to become a ''Corpus Separatum'', to be administered by the UN.〔Pappe, 2006, p. 35〕 The Jewish leadership accepted the partition plan as "the indispensable minimum,"〔El-Nawawy, 2002, p. 1-2〕 glad to gain international recognition but sorry that they did not receive more.〔Morris, 'Righteous Victims ...', 2001, p. 190〕 The representatives of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab League firmly opposed the UN action and rejected its authority in the matter, arguing that the partition plan was unfair to the Arabs because of population balance at that time.〔Gold, 2007, p. 134〕 The Arabs rejected the partition, not because it was supposedly unfair, but because any form of partition〔〔 was rejected by the Arabs' leaders. They upheld "that the rule of Palestine should revert to its inhabitants, in accordance with the provisions of () the Charter of the United Nations."〔("Arab League Declaration on the Invasion of Palestine, 15 May 1948" ), Jewish Virtual Library. 〕 According to Article 73b of the Charter, the UN should develop self-government of the peoples in a territory under its administration. In the immediate aftermath of the UN's approval of the partition plan, explosions of joy amongst the Jewish community were counterbalanced by the expression of discontent amongst the Arab community. Soon after, violence broke out and became more prevalent. Murders, reprisals, and counter-reprisals came fast upon each other, resulting in dozens of victims killed on both sides. The sanguinary impasse persisted as no force intervened to put a stop to the escalating violence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1948 Palestine war」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|